6 Education and inequality
Candidates will consider explanations for inequalities in educational attainment relating to social class, ethnicity and gender, and continue their thinking about the key concept of Inequality and opportunity. In addition, candidates will examine cultural explanations for differences in educational attainment, which relates to the key concept of Socialisation, culture and identity.
Candidates will consider explanations for inequalities in educational attainment relating to social class, ethnicity and gender, and continue their thinking about the key concept of Inequality and opportunity. In addition, candidates will examine cultural explanations for differences in educational attainment, which relates to the key concept of Socialisation, culture and identity.
The difficulties in defining intelligence:
Neat summary: https://www.verywellmind.com/theories-of-intelligence-2795035
Pretty much all you need to know and more: https://www.simplypsychology.org/intelligence.html (with video)
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wsu-sandbox/chapter/measures-of-intelligence
Dark History of IQ: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W2bKaw2AJxs (6 mins)
IQ and Social Factors:
https://revisesociology.com/2017/08/15/why-iq-tests-may-not-measure-intelligence/
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-sociology/chapter/the-conflict-perspective-on-education/
Neat summary: https://www.verywellmind.com/theories-of-intelligence-2795035
Pretty much all you need to know and more: https://www.simplypsychology.org/intelligence.html (with video)
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wsu-sandbox/chapter/measures-of-intelligence
Dark History of IQ: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W2bKaw2AJxs (6 mins)
IQ and Social Factors:
https://revisesociology.com/2017/08/15/why-iq-tests-may-not-measure-intelligence/
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-sociology/chapter/the-conflict-perspective-on-education/
6.2 Social class and educational attainment
• The relationship between material factors and educational attainment.
• Cultural explanations for patterns in social class and educational attainment, including parental attitudes, values, speech codes, and cultural capital.
• In-school factors, including labelling, ability grouping and pupil subcultures.
• Compensatory education programmes.
• The relationship between material factors and educational attainment.
• Cultural explanations for patterns in social class and educational attainment, including parental attitudes, values, speech codes, and cultural capital.
• In-school factors, including labelling, ability grouping and pupil subcultures.
• Compensatory education programmes.
General summaries
https://revisesociology.com/2020/05/14/social-class-and-educational-achievement-statistics/
https://hecticteachersalevelsociologysite.wordpress.com/social-class-and-educational-achievement/
In-school factors: https://www.tutor2u.net/sociology/reference/differential-educational-achievement-by-social-class-in-school-factors
Out of School factors: https://www.shortcutstv.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Stuff-DEA_CLASSoutsideSchool.pdf
https://revisesociology.com/2017/11/06/pupil-subcultures/
Reay’s research:
2017:
https://www.theguardian.com/education/2017/nov/21/english-class-system-shaped-in-schools
https://www.britsoc.co.uk/media-centre/press-releases/2017/october/working-class-children-are-damaged-by-the-english-education-system-says-cambridge-professor/
2020:
https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/british-education-still-selecting-and-rejecting-in-order-to-rear-an-elite/
2019 UK Government report (key headlines at the beginning):
https://www.gov.uk/government/news/class-privilege-remains-entrenched-as-social-mobility-stagnates
Videos
Parents’ attitudes: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hyPO7-f7zoA (6 mins)
Identity: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yXEMTx51S20 (7 mins)
In and Out of school factors summary: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RMvMCqKRO_s (10 mins)
In-school factors: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_3HjdWVUZaM (20 mins)
Out of school factors: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p_nKvHHeohU (27 mins)
Educational policy: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JvlXYly_uLI (9 mins)
Trusted pdf notes:
http://www.sociology.org.uk/notes/adiffed1.pdf
Revision:
https://quizlet.com/74644206/aqa-as-sociology-education-social-class-and-achievement-flash-cards/
https://revisesociology.com/2020/05/14/social-class-and-educational-achievement-statistics/
https://hecticteachersalevelsociologysite.wordpress.com/social-class-and-educational-achievement/
In-school factors: https://www.tutor2u.net/sociology/reference/differential-educational-achievement-by-social-class-in-school-factors
Out of School factors: https://www.shortcutstv.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Stuff-DEA_CLASSoutsideSchool.pdf
https://revisesociology.com/2017/11/06/pupil-subcultures/
Reay’s research:
2017:
https://www.theguardian.com/education/2017/nov/21/english-class-system-shaped-in-schools
https://www.britsoc.co.uk/media-centre/press-releases/2017/october/working-class-children-are-damaged-by-the-english-education-system-says-cambridge-professor/
2020:
https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/british-education-still-selecting-and-rejecting-in-order-to-rear-an-elite/
2019 UK Government report (key headlines at the beginning):
https://www.gov.uk/government/news/class-privilege-remains-entrenched-as-social-mobility-stagnates
Videos
Parents’ attitudes: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hyPO7-f7zoA (6 mins)
Identity: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yXEMTx51S20 (7 mins)
In and Out of school factors summary: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RMvMCqKRO_s (10 mins)
In-school factors: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_3HjdWVUZaM (20 mins)
Out of school factors: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p_nKvHHeohU (27 mins)
Educational policy: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JvlXYly_uLI (9 mins)
Trusted pdf notes:
http://www.sociology.org.uk/notes/adiffed1.pdf
Revision:
https://quizlet.com/74644206/aqa-as-sociology-education-social-class-and-achievement-flash-cards/
6.3 Ethnicity and educational attainment
• Racism in schools.
• Cultural explanations for patterns in ethnicity and educational attainment.
• Ethnicity and subcultures.
• The relationship between ethnicity, social class and gender.
6.3 Ethnicity and educational attainment
• Racism in schools.
• Cultural explanations for patterns in ethnicity and educational attainment.
• Ethnicity and subcultures.
• The relationship between ethnicity, social class and gender.
General summaries
https://www.google.com/amp/s/sociologytwynham.com/2015/01/04/ethnicity-and-educational-attainment-part-1/amp/
https://hecticteachersalevelsociologysite.wordpress.com/ethnicity-and-educational-achievement/
https://www.google.com/amp/s/revisesociology.com/2015/03/25/ethnicity-education-cultural-factors-home-background/amp/
Scroll down to Heidi Safia Mirza: https://revisesociology.com/category/ethnicity/
School factors
Internal (In-school) Factors:
https://revise-sociology-aqa.tumblr.com/post/82975949961/internal-factors-and-ethnic-differences-in
https://www.hectic-teacher.co.uk/sociology-support/education/ed10-ethnicity-and-educational-achievement/ed10b-ethnicity-and-internal-factors
https://revisesociology.com/2015/03/27/ethnicity-and-differential-educational-achievement-in-school-processes/
https://revisesociology.com/2020/06/01/heidi-safia-mirza-young-female-and-black/
https://revisesociology.com/2020/05/04/cecile-wright-racism-in-multi-ethnic-primary-schools/
https://revisesociology.com/2020/04/29/are-schools-institutionally-racist/
External (Out-of-school) Factors:
https://www.hectic-teacher.co.uk/sociology-support/education/ed10-ethnicity-and-educational-achievement/ed10a-ethnicity-and-external-factors
https://revisesociology.com/2015/03/25/ethnicity-education-cultural-factors-home-background/
https://revisesociology.com/2015/03/23/material-deprivation-and-differences-in-educational-achievement-by-ethnicity/
Dave Gillborn:
Summary: http://peoplewithvoices.com/2009/04/04/racism-in-education-coincidence-or-conspiracy-book-review/
Research papers: https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10001638/1/Gillborn2010Colour253.pdf
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282696916_Racism_and_Education_Coincidence_or_Conspiracy
Statistics:
https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/education-skills-and-training/a-levels-apprenticeships-further-education/further-education-participation/latest
2014: https://hummedia.manchester.ac.uk/institutes/code/briefingsupdated/how-are-ethnic-inequalities-in-education-changing.pdf
2020:
Dave Gillborn: http://epapers.bham.ac.uk/3389/1/CRREBirmevidencetoCRED2020.pdf
Further education: https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/education-skills-and-training/a-levels-apprenticeships-further-education/further-education-participation/latest
Reports
2011: file:///C:/Users/jba/Downloads/poverty-ethnicity-education-full.pdf
Runnymeade Trust 2020: https://www.runnymedetrust.org/uploads/publications/pdfs/Runnymede%20Secondary%20Schools%20report%20FINAL.pdf
2021:
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-report-of-the-commission-on-race-and-ethnic-disparities-supporting-research/ethnic-socio-economic-and-sex-inequalities-in-educational-achievement-at-age-16-by-professor-steve-strand
Impact of Covid: https://medium.com/rcpch-insight/how-is-covid-19-affecting-children-and-young-people-in-bame-communities-e46daff0deea
Range of articles:
https://www.theguardian.com/education/raceineducation
Videos:
Parental Support: https://youtu.be/xKP45ZXglvY (7 mins)
External factors: https://youtu.be/QLg8shYA1PU (20 mins)
Internal factors: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9-dp9MjMhwQ (21 mins)
How to write an essay: https://youtu.be/A0u3UDafN5g (26 mins)
Trusted pdf
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.shortcutstv.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Stuff_DEA_ethnicity.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwiwuKGui4TyAhULUxUIHQ4lCicQFjAYegQILBAC&usg=AOvVaw2JByB7IET80w9JHeaiPdKz
For the teacher
http://www.discoversociology.co.uk/social-inequalities/ethnicity-education
https://www.google.com/amp/s/sociologytwynham.com/2015/01/04/ethnicity-and-educational-attainment-part-1/amp/
https://hecticteachersalevelsociologysite.wordpress.com/ethnicity-and-educational-achievement/
https://www.google.com/amp/s/revisesociology.com/2015/03/25/ethnicity-education-cultural-factors-home-background/amp/
Scroll down to Heidi Safia Mirza: https://revisesociology.com/category/ethnicity/
School factors
Internal (In-school) Factors:
https://revise-sociology-aqa.tumblr.com/post/82975949961/internal-factors-and-ethnic-differences-in
https://www.hectic-teacher.co.uk/sociology-support/education/ed10-ethnicity-and-educational-achievement/ed10b-ethnicity-and-internal-factors
https://revisesociology.com/2015/03/27/ethnicity-and-differential-educational-achievement-in-school-processes/
https://revisesociology.com/2020/06/01/heidi-safia-mirza-young-female-and-black/
https://revisesociology.com/2020/05/04/cecile-wright-racism-in-multi-ethnic-primary-schools/
https://revisesociology.com/2020/04/29/are-schools-institutionally-racist/
External (Out-of-school) Factors:
https://www.hectic-teacher.co.uk/sociology-support/education/ed10-ethnicity-and-educational-achievement/ed10a-ethnicity-and-external-factors
https://revisesociology.com/2015/03/25/ethnicity-education-cultural-factors-home-background/
https://revisesociology.com/2015/03/23/material-deprivation-and-differences-in-educational-achievement-by-ethnicity/
Dave Gillborn:
Summary: http://peoplewithvoices.com/2009/04/04/racism-in-education-coincidence-or-conspiracy-book-review/
Research papers: https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10001638/1/Gillborn2010Colour253.pdf
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282696916_Racism_and_Education_Coincidence_or_Conspiracy
Statistics:
https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/education-skills-and-training/a-levels-apprenticeships-further-education/further-education-participation/latest
2014: https://hummedia.manchester.ac.uk/institutes/code/briefingsupdated/how-are-ethnic-inequalities-in-education-changing.pdf
2020:
Dave Gillborn: http://epapers.bham.ac.uk/3389/1/CRREBirmevidencetoCRED2020.pdf
Further education: https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/education-skills-and-training/a-levels-apprenticeships-further-education/further-education-participation/latest
Reports
2011: file:///C:/Users/jba/Downloads/poverty-ethnicity-education-full.pdf
Runnymeade Trust 2020: https://www.runnymedetrust.org/uploads/publications/pdfs/Runnymede%20Secondary%20Schools%20report%20FINAL.pdf
2021:
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-report-of-the-commission-on-race-and-ethnic-disparities-supporting-research/ethnic-socio-economic-and-sex-inequalities-in-educational-achievement-at-age-16-by-professor-steve-strand
Impact of Covid: https://medium.com/rcpch-insight/how-is-covid-19-affecting-children-and-young-people-in-bame-communities-e46daff0deea
Range of articles:
https://www.theguardian.com/education/raceineducation
Videos:
Parental Support: https://youtu.be/xKP45ZXglvY (7 mins)
External factors: https://youtu.be/QLg8shYA1PU (20 mins)
Internal factors: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9-dp9MjMhwQ (21 mins)
How to write an essay: https://youtu.be/A0u3UDafN5g (26 mins)
Trusted pdf
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.shortcutstv.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Stuff_DEA_ethnicity.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwiwuKGui4TyAhULUxUIHQ4lCicQFjAYegQILBAC&usg=AOvVaw2JByB7IET80w9JHeaiPdKz
For the teacher
http://www.discoversociology.co.uk/social-inequalities/ethnicity-education
6.4 Gender and educational attainment
• The relationship between gender socialisation and educational attainment.
• Wider social changes and gendered educational achievement, including changing female expectations and
the crisis of masculinity.
• Gender and subcultures.
• Teacher expectations and gendered behaviour in the classroom.
• The relationship between gender socialisation and educational attainment.
• Wider social changes and gendered educational achievement, including changing female expectations and
the crisis of masculinity.
• Gender and subcultures.
• Teacher expectations and gendered behaviour in the classroom.
General summaries:
https://revisesociology.com/2020/04/15/gender-gap-education-home-society/
https://revisesociology.com/2015/03/29/gender-education-home-evaluation/
https://revisesociology.com/2015/02/04/gender-inequality-education-in-school-factors/
http://www.sociology.org.uk/notes/pcedgen1.pdf
https://hecticteachersalevelsociologysite.wordpress.com/gender-and-educational-achievement/
https://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/sociology/education-and-sociology/gender-and-educational-attainment/
Research:
2024 Research paper summary: https://www.cambridge.org/news-and-insights/news/girls-outperform-boys?utm_source=social&utm_medium=twitter&utm_campaign=corporate_news
Teachers: https://www.theguardian.com/education/2019/apr/23/school-guilty-bias-against-boys-gender-gap-education
Higher education:
https://www.theguardian.com/education/2016/may/12/university-gender-gap-scandal-thinktank-men?CMP=share_btn_tw
https://www.theguardian.com/education/2016/jun/03/girls-more-positive-about-university-than-boys-study-sutton-trust-oxford
Class/Gender/Ethnicity: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsoc.2020.601035/full
International review over 20 years: https://largescaleassessmentsineducation.springeropen.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s40536-019-0076-3.pdf
Range of articles:
https://www.theguardian.com/education/educationsgendergap
Trusted pdf:
https://www.shortcutstv.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Stuff_DEA_Gender.pdf
https://revisesociology.com/tag/educational-achievement/
Videos:
Gender Socialisation: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qdv1CVwRJds (6 mins)
Policy: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PLce9tGAcuY (7 mins)
Impact of feminism: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ExfUSN9357o (6 mins)
Self-esteem: https://www.tutor2u.net/sociology/reference/differential-educational-achievement-by-gender-gender-differences-in-self-esteem (6 mins)
Gender identities: https://www.tutor2u.net/sociology/reference/differential-educational-achievement-by-gender-gender-identity-and-education (8 mins)
Crisis of masculinity: https://www.tutor2u.net/sociology/reference/differential-educational-achievement-by-gender-crisis-of-masculinity (6 mins)
Girls’ career aspirations: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8jnSC7Yuuu4 (7 mins)
In/Out of school factors: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8jnSC7Yuuu4 (20 mins)
Revision
https://www.shortcutstv.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/LT3-Gender-Differences-in-Educational-Achievement-and-Subject-Choice.docx
https://revise-sociology-aqa.tumblr.com/post/82975716172/gender-differences-in-achievement
https://quizlet.com/137640353/sociology-gender-differences-in-education-flash-cards/
https://revisesociology.com/2020/04/15/gender-gap-education-home-society/
https://revisesociology.com/2015/03/29/gender-education-home-evaluation/
https://revisesociology.com/2015/02/04/gender-inequality-education-in-school-factors/
http://www.sociology.org.uk/notes/pcedgen1.pdf
https://hecticteachersalevelsociologysite.wordpress.com/gender-and-educational-achievement/
https://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/sociology/education-and-sociology/gender-and-educational-attainment/
Research:
2024 Research paper summary: https://www.cambridge.org/news-and-insights/news/girls-outperform-boys?utm_source=social&utm_medium=twitter&utm_campaign=corporate_news
Teachers: https://www.theguardian.com/education/2019/apr/23/school-guilty-bias-against-boys-gender-gap-education
Higher education:
https://www.theguardian.com/education/2016/may/12/university-gender-gap-scandal-thinktank-men?CMP=share_btn_tw
https://www.theguardian.com/education/2016/jun/03/girls-more-positive-about-university-than-boys-study-sutton-trust-oxford
Class/Gender/Ethnicity: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsoc.2020.601035/full
International review over 20 years: https://largescaleassessmentsineducation.springeropen.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s40536-019-0076-3.pdf
Range of articles:
https://www.theguardian.com/education/educationsgendergap
Trusted pdf:
https://www.shortcutstv.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Stuff_DEA_Gender.pdf
https://revisesociology.com/tag/educational-achievement/
Videos:
Gender Socialisation: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qdv1CVwRJds (6 mins)
Policy: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PLce9tGAcuY (7 mins)
Impact of feminism: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ExfUSN9357o (6 mins)
Self-esteem: https://www.tutor2u.net/sociology/reference/differential-educational-achievement-by-gender-gender-differences-in-self-esteem (6 mins)
Gender identities: https://www.tutor2u.net/sociology/reference/differential-educational-achievement-by-gender-gender-identity-and-education (8 mins)
Crisis of masculinity: https://www.tutor2u.net/sociology/reference/differential-educational-achievement-by-gender-crisis-of-masculinity (6 mins)
Girls’ career aspirations: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8jnSC7Yuuu4 (7 mins)
In/Out of school factors: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8jnSC7Yuuu4 (20 mins)
Revision
https://www.shortcutstv.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/LT3-Gender-Differences-in-Educational-Achievement-and-Subject-Choice.docx
https://revise-sociology-aqa.tumblr.com/post/82975716172/gender-differences-in-achievement
https://quizlet.com/137640353/sociology-gender-differences-in-education-flash-cards/